Jaundice

 Jaundice

Jaundice, is a term used to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin ,mucus membrane,and sclerae (the white part of the eye) that is caused by hyperbilirubinemia that means an excess of bilirubin in the blood resulting increase level of plasma. Body fluids may also be yellow. The color of the skin and sclerae varies depending on levels of bilirubin; mildly elevated levels show yellow skin and sclerae, highly elevated levels shows brown.
Bilirubin is a waste product that remains in the bloodstream after the iron is removed from the hemoglobin.It is done by the process called degradation of erythrocytes (cells that contain hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body). Excess of bilirubin is passed to the surrounding tissues, saturating them with this yellow substance.
Bilirubin is circulating freely in the blood is called unconjugated bilirubin. Once it present in the liver, other chemicals are combined with bilirubin, creating a substance called conjugated bilirubin, is formed in the bile and then excreted. Bilirubin is what gives feces its brown color.

Types of jaundice:

• Hepatocellular jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of liver disease or injury.
• Hemolytic jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of hemolysis (an accelerated breakdown of erythrocytes - red blood cells) leading to an increase in production of bilirubin.
• Obstructive jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of an obstruction in the bile duct (a system of tubes that carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine), which prevents bilirubin from leaving the liver.

 causes of jaundice

These are the matters are mostly cause jaundice. They are,

• Acute inflammation of the liver - may impair the ability of the liver to conjugate and secrete bilirubin, resulting in a buildup of bilirubin.
• Inflammation of the bile duct - may prevent the secretion of bile and removal of bilirubin, causing jaundice.
• Obstruction of the bile duct - prevents the liver from disposing of bilirubin, which results in hyperbilirubinemia.
• Hemolytic anemia - Production of bilirubin increases when large quantities of erythrocytes are broken down.
• Cholestasis-a condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is interrupted. The bile containing conjugated bilirubin remains in the liver instead of being excreted.

symptoms of jaundice

Most common symptoms is yellowish in skin,and sclerae.Some of other symptoms includ

• Pruritis (itchiness)
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain - typically indicates a blockage of the bile duct.
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Paler than usual stools
• 
  
  Dark urine

Diagnosis of jaundice

Diagnosis of jaundice is depends upon the attention of abdomen. Doctors will be feeling for masses (tumors) in the abdomen and checking the firmnes of the liver; a firm liver indicates cirrhosis, while a rock-hard liver indicates cancer.

The severity of jaundice is determined by liver function test.
If the cause of your symptoms cannot be identified, your doctor may require blood tests to check levels of bilirubin and evaluate the composition of the blood. Some of these tests include:

• Bilirubin tests - a high level of unconjugated bilirubin relative to levels of conjugated bilirubin indicate hemolysis (accelerated break down of erythrocytes) 

• Full blood count (FBC), or complete blood count (CBC) - measures levels of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
• Hepatitis A, B, and C tests
  

If an obstruction of the liver is suspected, the liver's structure will be looked at with the help of imaging tests. Some of these tests include:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - uses magnetic signals to create image "slices" of the soft tissues of the human body. MRIs can also be manipulated in such a way that the cause and location of a bile duct obstruction can be identified.
• Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound) - uses high frequency sound waves to create a two-dimensional image of the soft tissues inside the human body. It is especially useful in identifying gallstones, although tumors and dilated bile ducts may also show.
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan, or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan - uses a thin X-ray beam to create image "slices" of soft tissues in the body. It is especially useful in identifying tumors and dilated bile ducts.

A liver biopsy is particularly useful in checking for inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer, and fatty liver. This test involves injecting a needle through the skin and into the liver to obtain a sample of the tissue, which is examined under a microscope.

 Treatment for jaundice 

Anemia-induced jaundice may be treated by increasing the amount of iron in the blood; either by taking iron-supplements or eating more iron-rich foods.
Hepatitis-induced jaundice may be treated with anti-viral or steroid medications.
Obstruction-induced jaundice may be treated via surgery to remove the obstruction.
Medication-induced jaundice is treated by selecting an alternative medication and by discontinuing medications that caused jaundice.

Prevention of jaundice

Jaundice is related to the function of the liver, so it is essential that you maintain this vital organ's health by eating a balanced diet, exercising at least 30 minutes five times a week, and refraining from exceeding recommended amounts of alcohol.

Diabetes

Diabetes

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, is the person have high blood glucose level either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

     Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is classed as a metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers what we take breakdown into glucose.Glucose is the form of sugar.The sugar is added to the blood stream and give energy to the body .
    When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present - insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in the glucose.
    Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the glucose present in our blood into the cells, as soon as glucose enters the cells blood-glucose levels drop.A person with diabettes have blood sugar level is too low is called hyperglycemea.

Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

In this condition insulin is not produced by pancreas in the patient.Patient should take insulin injection rest of their life and following a heealthy diet.

Type 2 diabetes

In this condition enough insulin not produce by pancreas for regular action.Patient conrol this type by reduce their weight,healthy diet,and check blood glucose level properly.Patient take insulin in the tablet form .Men whose testosterone levels are low have been found to have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes

This type affect women during pregnency. Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose .Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than he/she should be.

Diagnosis.

Diabetes is determind by three following tests.They are,
The A1C test
The OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)
The FPG (fasting plasma glucose) test

Treatment for diabetes

Diabetes type 1 lasts a lifetime, there is no known cure. Type 2 usually lasts a lifetime, however, some people have managed, through a lot of exercise, diet and excellent body weight control to get rid of their symptoms without medication
Patients with type 1 are treated with regular insulin injections, as well as a special diet and exercise.
Patients with Type 2 diabetes are usually treated with tablets, exercise and a special diet, but sometimes insulin injections are also required.

Diabetes Spreads In Southeast Asia

Diabetes is rapidly spreading in Southeast Asia as people embrace American fast foods, such as hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries and pizza. More Chinese adults who live in Singapore are dying of heart disease and developing type 2 diabetes than ever before.

The authors found that Chinese adults in Singapore who eat American-style junk foods twice a week had a 56% greater risk of dying prematurely form heart disease, while their risk of developing type 2 diabetes rose 27%, compared to their counterparts who "never touched the stuff". There was a 80% higher likelihood of dying from coronary heart disease for those eating fast foods four times per week.