Ear infection due to ear buds

Using ear buds is bad or not

Nowadays most of the people using cotton buds everyday morning after taking bath. They don't know how it cause serious problem in future. Mainly it cause itching in ear,fungal infections,wax decline.At the end of this issue we consult ear surgeon.According to recent research, 36 per cent of adults use cotton buds to clean their ears, and most of them know that it is potentially dangerous. One in six who had sustained damage from a bud.

Cotton buds should not be inserted into the ear canal. Inserting a cotton bud into the ear canal may cause wax compaction, ear-drum damage and/or increase the risk of infection by damaging the skin in the ear canal.

Don't use cotton buds

Most people who purchase cotton buds use them for cleaning their ears, ignoring the warnings above.

Those suffering from itchy or painful ears are advised to visit their doctor rather than try to fix the problem themselves .According to recent research, 36 per cent of adults use cotton buds to clean their ears, and most of them know that it is potentially dangerous. One in six who had sustained damage from a bud. While getting one stuck inside the ear - the most common problem - is rarely serious, regular use can lead to skin irritation, infection and permanent hearing loss.

Ignoring the warning and using cotton buds cause the problem like eardrum, causing bleeding and temporary hearing loss even damage to middle ear bones causing permanent deafness.

Cleaning ears by using oil and uses of wax

ear cleaning

Use olive oil / or wax solvents to soften the wax, and see an ENT surgeon, he will remove it by suction of cleaning using an operating microscope.A few drops of a vegetable oil such as olive oil is apply in the ear every day. It keep ear from getting too dry and also protect it from water.Wax consists of a mixture of exfoliated skin and secretions and is produced in the outer third of the ear canal. Some people produce large amounts, which can affect hearing, especially if the wax becomes waterlogged and expands. It is best treated by having the ears syringed with warm water under medical supervision.Wax is actually contains antibacterial agents and lubricating properties which enhances the self cleaning mechanism. Any excess wax if present in the ear it is pushed out of the ear canal naturally, helped by the chewing motion of the jaw.

Causes of itching in the Ears:

Ear canal skin is very sensitive. The slightest accumulation of debris, even a dead hair, may cause an itching sensation .The Itching is usually due to a disturbance in the skin of the external auditory canal..

 

Ear itching

Dry ears are itchy:

Dryness in the ear causes inner ear itching. Some people produce very less sebum or earwax. This little amount is not sufficient to keep the ear canal well lubricated. As a result, dryness occurs inside the ear, which gives rise to flaky skin in the interior of the ear. This condition is known as seborrhea dermatitis.

A normal ear has a thin layer of natural body oil. Some ears produce no ear wax which results in dry and itchy ear skin. Sometimes people clean their ears and dry them out by removing the natural wax.

Fungal infection

This is another common cause of itching inside ear. It appears when water gets trapped in the ear canal. This trapped water is favorable for the growth of fungi and bacteria, which often leads to infections. It looks like white patches. Anti fungal and antibiotic ear drops must be used after the ear being cleaned.

Allergies

Certain chemicals in the hair care like hair dye, shampoo products often cause itchiness in the ear. Stopping the use of such products can alleviate this problem.

Sometimes the plastic of a hearing aid will cause an allergic reaction in the ears of the wearer. The solution here is to have the hearing aid mold revised Steroid creams are used in persons affected with ear infections.

Treatment:

The itching can usually be treated at home, but when it make pain we consult ENT surgeon. Some infectious agents, like bacteria and fungus, can cause inner ear itching, which may require medication if it doesn’t heal on its own.

Home Remedies

Any kind of edible oil cures ear itching effectively. Coconut oil or olive oil is a great ear itching remedy. Warm a spoonful of vegetable oil and pour it in the ear drop by drop using a dropper. Itching should stop almost immediately. Oil also loosens the earwax so that it can be easily remove

Pimples

Pimples

A pimple or spot is a kind of acne..Excess oil getting trapped in the pores in the skin .Due to this reason pimples are mainly formed . Some of the varieties are pustules or papules .Pimples can be treated by various acne medications prescribed by a dermatologist.

Blockage of pores.

Sebaceous glands inside the pore which produce sebum. When the outer layers of skin shed , the dead skin cells left behind it become 'glued' together by the sebum. This causes the blockage in the pore, especially when the skin becomes thicker .The sebaceous glands produce more sebum which builds up behind the blockage, and this sebum allow the bacteria to cause pimples including the species Propionibacterium acnes.

Treatment

Over-the-counter medications

Common -counter medications for pimples are benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid and antibacterial agents such as triclosan. Both medications can be found in many creams and gels used to treat acne (acne vulgaris) through application. Both medications help skin slough off more easily, which helps to remove bacteria faster. Before applying them the patient needs to wash the face with warm water and dry. A cleanser may also be used for that purpose. Acne rosacea is not caused by bacterial infection. It is commonly treated with tretinoin. The most common product is a topical treatment of benzoyl peroxide, which has minimal risk apart from minor skin irritation that may present mild allergy. Recently nicotinamide, is more effective than the antibiotics such as clindamycin. Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) is not an antibiotic and has no side-effects typically associated with antibiotics. It has the added advantage of reducing skin hyperpigmentation which results in pimple scars

Prescription medication

Severe acne usually indicates the necessity of prescription medication to treat the pimples. Prescription medications used to treat acne and pimples include isotretinoin, which is a retinoid. Commonly antibiotics such as tetracyclines and erythromycin were prescribed. While they were more effective than topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, the bacteria eventually grew resistant to the antibiotics and the treatments became less effective. Also, antibiotics had more side effects than topical applications, such as stomach cramps and severe discoloration of teeth.

Hygiene

Practicing good hygiene, including regularly washing skin areas with natural elemens can reduce the amount of dead skin cells and other external contaminants on the skin that lead to the development of pimples.It is not possible to completely prevent pimples , even with good hygiene practices.

 

Dandruff

Dandruff  definition

Dandruff is common scalp disorder is refers to the shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp. Dandruff should not be confused with a simple dry scalp. Most cases of dandruff can be easily treated with specialised shampoos. There is, however, no true cure. It affect half of the population.

Causes

As the epidermal layer replaces itself, cells are pushed outward where they eventually die and flake off. For most individuals, these flakes of skin are too small to be visible. certain conditions cells are goes to unusual rapid especially in the scalp. For people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in 2–7 days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff. The result is that dead skin cells are shed in large, oily clumps, which appear as white or grayish patches on the scalp, skin and clothes.

Dandruff is formed due to these factors,

1. Skin oil commonly referred to as sebum or sebaceous secretions.
2. The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically Malassezia yeasts)
3. Individual susceptibility

In older days fungus Malassezia furfur as the cause of dandruff. While this species does occur naturally on the skin surface of both healthy people and those with dandruff. Later the specific fungus is responsble for scalp named as, Malassezia globosa, It metabolizes triglycerides present in sebum by the expression of lipase, resulting in a lipid byproduct oleic acid (OA). During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level.

Treatment

Shampoos use a combination of ingredients to control dandruff. The pathogenesis of dandruff involves hyper proliferation of keratin cites, resulting in deregulation of keratinization. The corneocytes clump together, formed as large flakes of skin. Essentially, keratolytic agents such as salicylic acid and sulphur loosen the attachments between the corneocytes and allow them to get swiped off.

Regulators of keratinization

Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) heals the scalp by regulating the epithelial keratinization or sebum production or both.Significant reduction in the number of yeasts after use of ZPT, which is an antifungal and antibacterial agent The population of Malassezia decreases, parakeratosis gets eliminated and corneocytes lipid inclusions are diminished.

Steroids

The parakeratotic properties of topical corticosteroids depend on the structure of the agent, the vehicle and the skin onto which it is used. Corticosteroids work via their anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects

Selenium sulfide

It is believed that selenium sulfide controls dandruff .Its anti Malassezia effect rather than by its antiproliferative effect, although it has an effect in reducing cell turnover. It has anti-seborrheic

properties as well as cytostatic effect on cells of the epidermal and follicular epithelium. The excessive oiliness after use of this agent has been reported in many patients as adverse drug effect.

Coal Tar

Coal tar is a keratoplastic agent causing the skin to shed dead cells from the top layer and slow skin cell growth.

Imidazole antifungal agents

Imidazole antifungals such as ketoconazole act by blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the primary sterol derivative of the fungal cell membrane. Changes in membrane caused by ergosterol depletion or incompatible with fungal growth and survival.

Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum, antimycotic agent that is active against both Candida and M. furfur . Of all the imidazoles, ketoconazole has become the leading contender among treatment options because of its effectiveness in treating seborrheic dermatitis as well.

Hydroxypyridones

In contrast to the imidazole antifungals, the hydroxypyridones do not affect sterol biosynthesis; instead they interfere with the active transport of essential macromolecule precursor, cell membrane integrity and the respiratory process of cells. Ciclopirox is widely used as an anti-dandruff agent in most preparations

Neem

Neem has anti-fungal properties that can be effective in treating dandruff.

Black Pepper

Black pepper contains the dandruff fighting minerals zinc and selenium. In Indian traditional Ayurveda, powdered black pepper has been used to treat dandruff.Egg oil is also treat dandruff.

Sandalwood

Sandalwood and Lemon: Application of an emulsion prepared with the oil of sandalwood and lemon juice has been proven effective to cure dandruff. In traditional Ayurveda, sandalwood has many benefits. Its main component beta-santalol (~90%) has antimicrobial properties.

Dengu fever

What is dengue fever?

Dengue (pronounced DEN gee) fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. These viruses are related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever.Mosquito named as Aides mosquito.It is not spread  to  one  person  to  another  person.

signs of dengue fever include bleeding gums, severe pain behind the eyes, and red palms.

Dengue  can affect anyone but  it more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four stereotype's of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times.  Attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular stereotype to which the patient was exposed.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a more severe form of the viral illness. Symptoms include headache, fever, rash, and evidence of hemorrhage in the body. Petechiae (small red or purple splotches or blisters under the skin), bleeding in the nose or gums, black stools, or easy bruising are all possible signs of hemorrhage. This form of dengue fever can be life-threatening and can progress to the most severe form of the illness, dengue shock syndrome.

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Symptoms, which usually begin four to six days after infection and last for up to 10 days, may include

• Sudden, high fever
• Severe headaches
• Pain behind the eyes
• Severe joint and muscle pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Skin rash, which appears three to four days after the onset of fever
• Mild bleeding (such a nose bleed, bleeding gums, or easy bruising)
  

Sometimes symptoms are mild and can be mistaken for those of the flu or another viral infection. However, serious problems can develop. These include dengue hemorrhagic fever, a rare complication characterised by high fever, damage to lymph and blood vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, and failure of the circulatory system. The symptoms may progress to massive bleeding, shock, and death. This is called dengue shock syndrome (DSS)

Diagnosing Dengue Fever

Doctors can diagnose dengue infection with a blood test to check for the virus or antibodies to it. If you become sick after travelling to a tropical area, let your doctor know.This will indicate he patient is infect with dengue.

Treatment for Dengue Fever

Today there is a number of specific medicines are used to treat the dengue . If you think you may have dengue fever, you should use pain relievers with acetaminophen and avoid medicines with aspirin, which could worsen bleeding. You should also rest, drink plenty of fluids, and see your doctor.

If you start to feel worse in the first 24 hours after your fever goes down, you should get to a hospital immediately to be checked for complications.We are awaking to reducing mosquito .The dump of water is settled in the tanks This easily cause the infection.

Jaundice

 Jaundice

Jaundice, is a term used to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin ,mucus membrane,and sclerae (the white part of the eye) that is caused by hyperbilirubinemia that means an excess of bilirubin in the blood resulting increase level of plasma. Body fluids may also be yellow. The color of the skin and sclerae varies depending on levels of bilirubin; mildly elevated levels show yellow skin and sclerae, highly elevated levels shows brown.
Bilirubin is a waste product that remains in the bloodstream after the iron is removed from the hemoglobin.It is done by the process called degradation of erythrocytes (cells that contain hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body). Excess of bilirubin is passed to the surrounding tissues, saturating them with this yellow substance.
Bilirubin is circulating freely in the blood is called unconjugated bilirubin. Once it present in the liver, other chemicals are combined with bilirubin, creating a substance called conjugated bilirubin, is formed in the bile and then excreted. Bilirubin is what gives feces its brown color.

Types of jaundice:

• Hepatocellular jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of liver disease or injury.
• Hemolytic jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of hemolysis (an accelerated breakdown of erythrocytes - red blood cells) leading to an increase in production of bilirubin.
• Obstructive jaundice - a type of jaundice that occurs as a result of an obstruction in the bile duct (a system of tubes that carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine), which prevents bilirubin from leaving the liver.

 causes of jaundice

These are the matters are mostly cause jaundice. They are,

• Acute inflammation of the liver - may impair the ability of the liver to conjugate and secrete bilirubin, resulting in a buildup of bilirubin.
• Inflammation of the bile duct - may prevent the secretion of bile and removal of bilirubin, causing jaundice.
• Obstruction of the bile duct - prevents the liver from disposing of bilirubin, which results in hyperbilirubinemia.
• Hemolytic anemia - Production of bilirubin increases when large quantities of erythrocytes are broken down.
• Cholestasis-a condition in which the flow of bile from the liver is interrupted. The bile containing conjugated bilirubin remains in the liver instead of being excreted.

symptoms of jaundice

Most common symptoms is yellowish in skin,and sclerae.Some of other symptoms includ

• Pruritis (itchiness)
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain - typically indicates a blockage of the bile duct.
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Paler than usual stools
• 
  
  Dark urine

Diagnosis of jaundice

Diagnosis of jaundice is depends upon the attention of abdomen. Doctors will be feeling for masses (tumors) in the abdomen and checking the firmnes of the liver; a firm liver indicates cirrhosis, while a rock-hard liver indicates cancer.

The severity of jaundice is determined by liver function test.
If the cause of your symptoms cannot be identified, your doctor may require blood tests to check levels of bilirubin and evaluate the composition of the blood. Some of these tests include:

• Bilirubin tests - a high level of unconjugated bilirubin relative to levels of conjugated bilirubin indicate hemolysis (accelerated break down of erythrocytes) 

• Full blood count (FBC), or complete blood count (CBC) - measures levels of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
• Hepatitis A, B, and C tests
  

If an obstruction of the liver is suspected, the liver's structure will be looked at with the help of imaging tests. Some of these tests include:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - uses magnetic signals to create image "slices" of the soft tissues of the human body. MRIs can also be manipulated in such a way that the cause and location of a bile duct obstruction can be identified.
• Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound) - uses high frequency sound waves to create a two-dimensional image of the soft tissues inside the human body. It is especially useful in identifying gallstones, although tumors and dilated bile ducts may also show.
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan, or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan - uses a thin X-ray beam to create image "slices" of soft tissues in the body. It is especially useful in identifying tumors and dilated bile ducts.

A liver biopsy is particularly useful in checking for inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer, and fatty liver. This test involves injecting a needle through the skin and into the liver to obtain a sample of the tissue, which is examined under a microscope.

 Treatment for jaundice 

Anemia-induced jaundice may be treated by increasing the amount of iron in the blood; either by taking iron-supplements or eating more iron-rich foods.
Hepatitis-induced jaundice may be treated with anti-viral or steroid medications.
Obstruction-induced jaundice may be treated via surgery to remove the obstruction.
Medication-induced jaundice is treated by selecting an alternative medication and by discontinuing medications that caused jaundice.

Prevention of jaundice

Jaundice is related to the function of the liver, so it is essential that you maintain this vital organ's health by eating a balanced diet, exercising at least 30 minutes five times a week, and refraining from exceeding recommended amounts of alcohol.

Diabetes

Diabetes

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, is the person have high blood glucose level either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

     Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is classed as a metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers what we take breakdown into glucose.Glucose is the form of sugar.The sugar is added to the blood stream and give energy to the body .
    When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present - insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in the glucose.
    Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the glucose present in our blood into the cells, as soon as glucose enters the cells blood-glucose levels drop.A person with diabettes have blood sugar level is too low is called hyperglycemea.

Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

In this condition insulin is not produced by pancreas in the patient.Patient should take insulin injection rest of their life and following a heealthy diet.

Type 2 diabetes

In this condition enough insulin not produce by pancreas for regular action.Patient conrol this type by reduce their weight,healthy diet,and check blood glucose level properly.Patient take insulin in the tablet form .Men whose testosterone levels are low have been found to have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes

This type affect women during pregnency. Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose .Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than he/she should be.

Diagnosis.

Diabetes is determind by three following tests.They are,
The A1C test
The OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)
The FPG (fasting plasma glucose) test

Treatment for diabetes

Diabetes type 1 lasts a lifetime, there is no known cure. Type 2 usually lasts a lifetime, however, some people have managed, through a lot of exercise, diet and excellent body weight control to get rid of their symptoms without medication
Patients with type 1 are treated with regular insulin injections, as well as a special diet and exercise.
Patients with Type 2 diabetes are usually treated with tablets, exercise and a special diet, but sometimes insulin injections are also required.

Diabetes Spreads In Southeast Asia

Diabetes is rapidly spreading in Southeast Asia as people embrace American fast foods, such as hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries and pizza. More Chinese adults who live in Singapore are dying of heart disease and developing type 2 diabetes than ever before.

The authors found that Chinese adults in Singapore who eat American-style junk foods twice a week had a 56% greater risk of dying prematurely form heart disease, while their risk of developing type 2 diabetes rose 27%, compared to their counterparts who "never touched the stuff". There was a 80% higher likelihood of dying from coronary heart disease for those eating fast foods four times per week.